1000 BC - 501 BC

Europe was mainly made up of a series of Late Bronze Age tribes moving into the Early Iron Age. Druids were present in Britain and Gaul. The Etruscan League was developing in Italy, while Romulus and Remus established Rome in 753bc. Sparta, Corinth and Athens emerged as important City States in Greece with frequent battles against the Persian and Assyrian Empires of the Middle East.

In India, the caste system evolved and a series of republics appeared in the Ganges region, and later the Himalayas. In China, the Chou Kingdoms took control from the Shang Dynasty.

In Peru, the Chavin and Paracas Cultures emerged, while the Olmecs reached their peak in modern Mexico.

In Egypt, the declining New Kingdom split into Middle Egypt and Lower Egypt. Emigrating Egyptian priests established a theocratic state in Nubia, later conquered by Kush. Towards the end of the period, Egypt becomes part of the Persian Empire.